Potent pro-hypertrophic effects of ET-1 in vitro on primary cultures of ventricular myocytes are noticeably within the first 15 min of its application on the cells 9. Their agonists include ET-1 and angiotensin II both of which are chronically increased in the illness where they induce their effects on cardiac myocytes, altering excitation contraction coupling and more chronic effects on cardiac growth 13, 14. Involvement of G q-protein couple receptor signalling is another main indicator of pathological hypertrophy 12. Pathological hypertrophy is characterised by increase in expressions of foetal genes such as natriuretic peptides (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptides (BNP) consequently, both ANP and BNP are well-known hall marks of heart failure 9. Initially cardiac hypertrophy is adaptive but overtime as the disease continues it moves into a decompensation stage which is pathological and progresses into heart failure 11. Cardiac hypertrophy involves an increase in heart size without myocytes proliferation 10. Endothelin-1 is a potent vasoconstrictor that plays a critically important role in the induction of myocyte hypertrophy 9. The study investigates the effects and safety of Psilocybe cubensis and Panaeolus cyanescens magic mushrooms from genus Psilocybe and Panaeolus respectively, in pathological hypertrophy conditions in which endothelin-1 (ET1-1) disorder is a contributor to pathogenesis. Therefore use and safety of magic mushrooms in heart failure conditions needs to be investigated. This increase in heart rate and blood pressure may present risk to users suffering from cardiovascular illnesses such as heart failure. However, psilocybin-containing mushrooms are also known to induce temporary increase in heart rate and blood pressure 7, 8. Fatal intoxications due to exposure to magic mushrooms are rare and often reported to be mainly due to combination with other drugs 8. Magic mushrooms are generally not considered toxic with lethal dose of 280 mg/kg in rats and 17 kg/70 kg for humans 8. The recreational dose by most users ranges from 1 to 3.5 g of dried mushrooms or 10–15 g of fresh mushrooms 8. Awareness and use of magic mushrooms for depression and improved quality of life is growing as a result. Recently, psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), a natural hallucinogen and a main compound in magic mushrooms was found to have significant antidepressant effects 7. Psilocybin-containing mushrooms commonly known as magic mushrooms have been used since ancient times for their mind healing properties in different indigenous populations 4, 5, 6. As a result, depression in patients with heart failure has become a major problem 3. Furthermore, depression in heart failure patients may lead to a two-fold increase in mortality 3. It is reported that prevalence of major depression in chronic heart failure is about 20–40%, which is 4–5% higher than in general populations 3. The disease imposes a significant impact on the quality of life leading to disruptions in daily life on many affected persons 2. Heart failure is a public health problem and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality 1. Heart failure is well-defined as a complex clinical syndrome that may results from any structural and/or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the heart ventricle to fill with or eject blood as needed 1. Results support medicinal safe use of mushrooms under controlled conditions and cautioned use of higher concentrations. Results proposed that the water extracts of Panaeolus cyanescens and Psilocybe cubensis did not aggravate the pathological hypertrophy induced by endothelin-1 and also protected against the TNF-α-induced injury and cell death in concentrations used. H9C2 cardiomyocytes were induced with endothelin-1 prior to treatment with extracts over 48 h. Mushrooms were oven dried and extracted with cold and boiling-hot water. We examined the effects of the mushrooms extracts on endothelin-1-induced hypertrophy and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α)-induced cell injury in H9C2 cardiomyocytes. Study investigates the effects and safety of Psilocybe cubensis and Panaeolus cyanescens magic mushrooms use from genus Psilocybe and Panaeolus respectively, in a pathological hypertrophy conditions in which endothelin-1 disorder is a contributor to pathogenesis. Their safety in cardiovascular disease conditions is not fully known and may pose as a risk for users suffering from these illnesses. Psilocybin-containing mushrooms commonly known as magic mushrooms, have been used since ancient times for their mind healing properties. Depression in heart failure has become a major issue. Prevalence of major depression in people with chronic heart failure is higher than in normal populations.
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